Apr 4, 2024 · Exec probes are Liveness or Readiness probes specifically intended for VMs. These probes run a command inside the VM and determine the VM ready/live state based on its success. For running commands inside the VMs, the qemu-guest-agent package is used. A command supplied to an exec probe will be wrapped by virt-probe in the …Apr 11, 2024 · Cette page montre comment configurer les liveness, readiness et startup probes pour les conteneurs. Le Kubelet utilise les liveness probes pour détecter quand redémarrer un conteneur. Par exemple, les Liveness probes pourraient attraper un deadlock dans le cas où une application est en cours d'exécution, mais qui est incapable de traiter …쉽게 말하자면 라이브 여부를 확인하는 기술입니다. Live의 여부를 Detect 하는 것이 Liveness Detection (라이브니스 디텍션)의 뜻입니다. 아르고스 KYC처럼 다양한 국가에서 제출되는 신분증과 셀카 사진 (selfie)을 확인하며 KYC를 진행해야 하는 …In facial recognition, liveness detection is used to distinguish between a live image and a 2D printed, 3D printed, or digital representation of a user’s face. Other spoof attempts may involve the use of a 3D mask. Spoof attempts can be detected through algorithms that recognize artifacts of a non-live sample, and may use “active ...Liveness is the guarantee that all validators will reach some consensus on a value. This can be thought of as the guarantee that no two validators will be in disagreement and reach different values. . Conversely, safety is a guarantee that nothing bad will happen. For example, Bitcoin' s use of the Nakamoto Consensus means that there is an ...Why do we need liveness probe for MongoDB with command db.adminCommand('ping')? I mean, is there any scenario the main process of Mongo doesn't exit but still mongo doesn't function? Because kubelet automatically restarts container if the main process exits.On the Traffic Management Domains page, select the domain for which you want to disable and re-enable a liveness test. The Edit Domain Settings page appears.. On the Properties tab, select the property to which you want to disable a liveness test. The review page for the selected property opens. Navigate to the Liveness Tests section. In the Test Name …Comment vérifier la santé des pods ? mettre en place un healthcheck ?Quelle est la différence entre liveness et readiness ?Mettre en place des checks http, t...Oct 24, 2023 · 本文主要研究一下springboot的liveness及readiness 使用 management: endpoints: web: exposure: include: '*' endpoint: health: probes: enabled: true show-details: always health: # /actuator/health/liveness livenessState: enabled: true # /actuator/health/readinessLiveness command. This deployment defines a livenessProbe that supports an exec liveness command that acts as the liveness check. If this command exits with a non-zero value, the container is killed and restarted, signaling the healthy file could not be found. If this command exits successfully with exit code 0, no action is taken.Liveness detection for fingerprint impressions plays a role in the meaningful prevention of any unauthorized activity or phishing attempt. The accessibility of unique individual identification has increased the popularity of biometrics. Deep learning with computer vision has proven remarkable results in image classification, detection, and …Sep 20, 2023 · 5. Now, change the liveness probe port to 3000 in your deployment.yml file, as shown below, to check how a failed liveness probe detects unhealthy pods. The container directs traffic to port 80. Using other ports like 3000 will change the container port to a non-exciting port. The Kubernetes liveness probe should fail to check a valid traffic ... Face liveness detection. Contribute to leokwu/livenessnet development by creating an account on GitHub. Navigation Menu Skip to content. Toggle navigation. Sign in Product Actions. Automate any workflow Packages. Host and manage packages Security. Find and fix vulnerabilities Codespaces ...Liveness and Readiness probes are Kubernetes capabilities that enable teams to make their containerised applications more reliable and robust. However, if used inappropriately they can result in none of the intended benefits, and can actually make a microservice based application unstable. The purpose of each probe is quite simple and …They can open an envelope by selecting SIGN. The Let’s verify your identity screen opens. Select Next. The Tell us about your ID screen opens. Select the country that issued your identification documents and choose the ID you want to submit for verification. The Let’s get ready screen opens. Select Got it.Active liveness detection operates with precision and attentiveness, crucial for robust biometric authentication. It captures multiple images (at least two) of the user in motion, often requiring facial movements. Advanced artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities analyse and confirm the identity of a real person.One of which, is Liveness Detection. The Turing Test could be described as a challenge which determines if a machine could be mistaken as human for a specific mode of interactions. In contrast, Liveness Detection is a test to uncover a machine that is pretending to be human. In 2019, Facebook terminated 5.4 billion fake accounts.LIVELINESS definition: 1. the quality of being interesting and exciting: 2. the quality of being full of energy and…. Learn more.nodejs-health-checker-lw. The main purpose of this package is to substitute nodejs-health-checker package and standardize the liveness and readiness actions for Nodejs applications running in Kubernetes deployments, without adding complexity and extra package installs. healthcheck. health-check. health-checker.The following diagrams detail how Amazon Rekognition Face Liveness operates regarding the feature's architecture and sequence of operations: The Face Liveness check process involves several steps as outlined in the following: The user initiates a Face Liveness check in the Client App. The Client App calls the customer's backend, which in turn ...Note: We recommend customers to explore Amazon Rekognition Face Liveness, a new feature to deter fraud in facial verification, that is now generally available. Face Liveness detects spoofs presented to the camera (e.g. printed photos, digital photos or videos, or 3D masks) and spoofs that bypass the camera (e.g. pre-recorded real or …Active liveness checks involve prompting the user to perform specific actions, such as blinking, smiling, or moving their head, to ensure their physical presence during the authentication process. Passive liveness checks, on the other hand, utilize advanced algorithms to analyze subtle facial movements and detect signs of life without requiring …Yoti’s MyFace solution is NIST Level 2 approved with 100% attack detection. Why liveness is important for verification and authentication. The difference between active and passive liveness. Age, gender and skin tone bias minimised. Read our latest white paper on liveness to learn how Yoti’s MyFace liveness solution can help defeat ...Active liveness detection operates with precision and attentiveness, crucial for robust biometric authentication. It captures multiple images (at least two) of the user in motion, often requiring facial movements. Advanced artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities analyse and confirm the identity of a real person.Liveness. In this paper, by “live”, we mean “live-in”, which in the context of a program in strict SSA form can be defined as follows. A variable a is live-in at point q if there exists a path in the CFG from q to a use of a that does not go through the definition of a.. 2.2 Liveness Checking. Boissinot et al.’s algorithm answers liveness queries efficiently …Omnichannel Liveness Detection helps to close the security gap on web channels by preventing hackers from gaining easy access. “Liveness Detection completes the identity verification flow, while at the same time ensuring a positive customer experience,” said Brian Swanson, Executive Vice President, Head of Consumer Bank at …Spring Boot中Liveness 与 Readiness探针. 1. Overview. In this tutorial, we’re going to see how Spring Boot 2.3 integrates with Kubernetes probes to create an even more pleasant cloud-native experience. First, we’ll start with a little bit of a background on Kubernetes probes. Then we’ll switch gears and see how Spring Boot 2.3 supports ...Yes, at the beginning the pod is working correctly so both checks are OK, but when you crash the application the port 3000 is not available anymore (I guess), and since both checks are configured to check that port you see both errors in the events. The readiness probe is called every 10 seconds and not only at startup.Aug 30, 2022 · 介绍K8S 提供了3种探针readinessProbe livenessProbe startupProbe（这个1.16版本增加的）1、startupProbereadinessProbe：指示容器是否准备好服务请求（是否启动完成并就绪）。. 绪探针初始延迟之前的就绪状态默认为Failure，待容器启动成功弹指指标探测结果为成功后，状态变更 ...Oz Liveness is a leading facial recognition and authentication software used by private and public organizations across the globe to lower the risk of biometric fraud by preventing deepfake and spoofing attacks with 100% accuracy, validated by the industry’s most rigorous testing standard, ISO 30107 certification.Yoti’s MyFace solution is NIST Level 2 approved with 100% attack detection. Why liveness is important for verification and authentication. The difference between active and passive liveness. Age, gender and skin tone bias minimised. Read our latest white paper on liveness to learn how Yoti’s MyFace liveness solution can help defeat ...Liveness Probe TCP Socket is a part of Kubernetes, thanks to which you can control the health of the pods. If it is possible to open in the container, the specified port of the container can be considered healthy, otherwise, the status failure will be returned. In this article, I will show you an example of using Kubernetes Liveness Probe TCP ...Liveness detection for fingerprint impressions plays a role in the meaningful prevention of any unauthorized activity or phishing attempt. The accessibility of unique individual identification has increased the popularity of biometrics. Deep learning with computer vision has proven remarkable results in image classification, detection, and …Sep 14, 2023 · Liveness detection is any technique used to detect a spoof attempt by determining whether the source of a biometric sample is a live human being or a fake representation. This is done using algorithms that analyze data collected from biometric sensors to determine whether the source is live or reproduced. Oct 7, 1985 · Liveness properties Informally, a liveness property stipulates that a 'good thing' happens during execution [2]. Exam- This formalization differs slightly from the one proposed in [3]. Under Lamport's assumption that properties are pre- served under finite repetition of individual states ('stut- tering'), both definitions are equivalent [1]. Using health checks such as readiness and liveliness probes gives your Kubernetes services a solid foundation, better reliability, and higher uptime. Learn when …Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Society begins with an overview of live performance and reveals that media technology has encroached on live events to the point where many, like concerts and sporting events that feature jumbo video screens, are hardly live at all. Auslander offers a way of understanding the history of this development ... Liveness, Reverberation Time, and Early Decay Time. Liveness or reverberation is the most recognizable acoustical parameter associated with concert halls. The reverberation time has been a useful metric since its discovery by Sabine. Although it is defined as the time required for the reverberant sound to decay 60 dB below the maximum, it is ... Liveness probes check if the pod is healthy, and if the pod is deemed unhealthy, it will trigger a restart; this action is different than the action of Readiness Probes I discussed in my previous post. Let’s look at the components of the probes and dive into how to configure and troubleshoot Liveness Probes.This page shows how to configure liveness, readiness and startup probes for containers. The kubelet uses liveness probes to know when to restart a container. …Feb 24, 2023 · Liveness & Readiness. Make sure you are in the correct namespace: kubectl config set -context --current --namespace=myspace. Make sure nothing else is deployed: kubectl get all. No resources found in myspace namespace. Now we’re going to deploy our application with a Liveness and Readiness probe set.Mar 25, 2020 · Liveness and Readiness in Kubernetes. In Kubernetes, the Liveness and Readiness Kubernetes concepts represent facets of the application state. The Liveness state of an application tells whether the internal state is valid. If Liveness is broken, this means that the application itself is in a failed state and cannot recover from it.Jumio’s liveness detection simply requires the user to hold their mobile device at a natural angle. The solution then performs liveness and anti-spoofing detection using advanced selfie technology to ensure the user is real (not a photo, video or paper copy), is not wearing a mask and is physically present at the time of the detection.Oct 6, 2020 · Liveness probe. This is for detecting whether the application process has crashed/deadlocked. If a liveness probe fails, Kubernetes will stop the pod, and create a new one. Readiness probe. This is for detecting whether the application is ready to handle requests. If a readiness probe fails, Kubernetes will leave the pod running, but won't send ...Jan 27, 2024 · Here’s how readiness and liveness state changes in terms of application lifecycle events in Spring: Registering listeners and initializers. Preparing the Environment. Preparing the ApplicationContext. Loading bean definitions. Changing the liveness state to CORRECT. Calling the application and command-line runners.Sep 14, 2023 · Liveness detection is any technique used to detect a spoof attempt by determining whether the source of a biometric sample is a live human being or a fake representation. This is done using algorithms that analyze data collected from biometric sensors to determine whether the source is live or reproduced.Spring Boot中Liveness 与 Readiness探针. 1. Overview. In this tutorial, we’re going to see how Spring Boot 2.3 integrates with Kubernetes probes to create an even more pleasant cloud-native experience. First, we’ll start with a little bit of a background on Kubernetes probes. Then we’ll switch gears and see how Spring Boot 2.3 supports ...Jun 20, 2019 · In such cases we use readiness probe. If the condition inside readiness probe passes, only then our application can serve traffic. Readiness probe is defined in 3 ways exactly like the Liveness ...Liveness probes are used to check if an application within a container is still running and responding as expected. If the liveness probe fails, Kubernetes will automatically restart the container, attempting to recover the application. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to set up a liveness probe in Kubernetes: Step 1: Define a Liveness …Abstract. Television's liveness has long been seen as one of its key features. This paper argues that “liveness” is not a textual feature, but a more fundamental category (in Durkheim's sense) that contributes to underlying conceptions of how media are involved in social organization through their provision of privileged access to central social “realities.”VIDA uses top-global AI biometric verification technology to help you automate the identity verification process using liveness detection and based on an authoritative identity data source. VIDA Regulatory Compliance Exceptional Features. With global top-ranked Face Recognition technology and legal identity database, enhance ...Jan 22, 2024 · Creating a Liveness probe: Liveness probes are defined by a pod’s spec.containers.livenessProbe field. There are three types of actions kubelet performs on a pod, which are: Executes a command inside the container; Checks for a state of a particular port on the container; Performs a GET request on container’s IP; Define a liveness … Books. Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture. Philip Auslander. Psychology Press, 1999 - Art - 179 pages. In Liveness Philip Auslander addresses what may be the single most important question facing all kinds of performance today: What is the status of live performance in a culture dominated by mass media? By looking at specific ... Liveness check enable: if it is set to yes, empty informational messages will be sent out after a time of inactivity. Liveness check or DPD for IKEv2 cannot be disabled on the PA-FW as per design. Resolution. IKEv2 tunnel going down due to DPD is an indication of connectivity issues between the VPN peers. Liveness is a noun that has four meanings in different fields, such as acoustics and computing. It is formed by derivation from live and -ness, and has been used since the 1890s. Learn more about its usage, pronunciation and origin from OED. I have investigated bitnami/redis charts and find out how do they implement liveness/readiness probe. From their charts, they create a health-configmap, which contains a shell script using redis-cli ping to health check redis server, and handle responses. Here is the configmap defined:Liveness Probes: checks your containers are alive. Readiness Probes: checks your containers are able to do productive work. Kubernetes assumes responsibility that your containers in your Pods are alive. If not, it restarts the containers that fail liveness probes. Kubernetes do not assume responsibility for your Pods to be ready.Manage liveness tests. When you configure a GTM property, you can configure liveness tests to determine whether the data centers associated with the property are up. Once a liveness test is configured, GTM answers queries for the property with the A or AAAA records of servers in your data centers which it considers to be live (up).6 days ago · Configure a Liveness Check. Configuring a Liveness Check in Connected Mode. Flex Gateway includes the following CLI command to test gateway health: flexctl probe --check=liveness. If the Flex Gateway instance is running normally, the command returns an exit code of 0. Otherwise, the gateway is unhealthy and the command returns …Oct 5, 2023 · Liveness detection is the process of confirming that biometric data, such as fingerprints, facial images, or iris scans, originates from a genuine, living person rather than a fraudulent attempt (“spoof” or “presentation attack”). It employs algorithms to analyze and validate the authenticity of biometric data, preventing unauthorized ...What does the noun liveness mean? There are four meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun liveness . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.Feb 24, 2023 · Liveness & Readiness. Make sure you are in the correct namespace: kubectl config set -context --current --namespace=myspace. Make sure nothing else is deployed: kubectl get all. No resources found in myspace namespace. Now we’re going to deploy our application with a Liveness and Readiness probe set. Liveness. A liveness property prescribes good things for every execution or, equivalently, describes something that must happen during an execution. The good thing need not be discrete—it might involve an infinite number of steps. Examples of a good thing used to define a liveness property include: Discover Liveness Detection: Protecting biometric authentication from presentation attacks. Learn how it works for secure verification. Explore the concept of …Oct 7, 1985 · Liveness properties Informally, a liveness property stipulates that a 'good thing' happens during execution [2]. Exam- This formalization differs slightly from the one proposed in [3]. Under Lamport's assumption that properties are pre- served under finite repetition of individual states ('stut- tering'), both definitions are equivalent [1]. ...6 days ago · Configure a Liveness Check. Configuring a Liveness Check in Connected Mode. Flex Gateway includes the following CLI command to test gateway health: flexctl probe --check=liveness. If the Flex Gateway instance is running normally, the command returns an exit code of 0. Otherwise, the gateway is unhealthy and the command returns … Liveness is the quality or state of being live, especially the reverberant quality of a room. Learn more about the word history, usage, and related terms of liveness from Merriam-Webster dictionary. Liveness is a noun that has four meanings in different fields, such as acoustics and computing. It is formed by derivation from live and -ness, and has been used since the 1890s. Learn more about its usage, pronunciation and origin from OED. Tara McPherson talks about the liveness of the Internet as residing primarily in our navigation of it, making it a kind of liveness that “foregrounds volition and …The pod descriptor defines an httpGet liveness probe, which tells Kubernetes to periodically perform HTTP Get requests on path /healthz on Port 8080 to determine if the container is still healthy. The periodSeconds field specifies that the kubelet should perform a liveness probe every 3 seconds. The initialDelaySeconds field tells the …2 days ago · Liveness detection is used to defeat presentation attacks, a type of attack in which a fraudster uses a fake representation of a biometric input like a face. Though LD helps make biometric authentication more secure, it has its weaknesses, such as spoofing attacks from deepfake technology. Deepfakes can fool some types of liveness checks ...Jul 26, 2021 · T5-LDS (Liveness Detection System) is a real-time anti-spoofing biometric technology based on neural networks. The system can operate in combination with T5-Face recognition technology (1:1) or as a standalone solution to determine if a detected face is a real person and the owner of the ID or a spoofing attack.Review and survey articles: The literature on face liveness detection revealed 4 review articles in earlier. specified period of last five years. These reviews mainly investigated literature in ... The preceding liveness probe indicates that the probe checks containers immediately after they are started. If a container does not respond within one second, the check is recorded as failed. The health check is performed every 10 seconds. If the check fails for three consecutive times, the container is restarted. 6 days ago · After the liveness probe is configured, and any startup probe is successful, Cloud Run makes a health check request to the service. If a liveness probe does not succeed within the specified time (failureThreshold * periodSeconds), the container is shut down using a SIGKILL signal. After the container is shut down, Cloud Run autoscaling starts ... Liveness probes check if the pod is healthy, and if the pod is deemed unhealthy, it will trigger a restart; this action is different than the action of Readiness Probes I discussed in my previous post. Let’s look at the components of the probes and dive into how to configure and troubleshoot Liveness Probes.nodejs-health-checker-lw. The main purpose of this package is to substitute nodejs-health-checker package and standardize the liveness and readiness actions for Nodejs applications running in Kubernetes deployments, without adding complexity and extra package installs. healthcheck. health-check. health-checker.Liveness properties are closed under arbitrary unions, but not under intersections. • ⊤ is the only property which is both a safety and a liveness property. • For any property φ there exists a safety property φs and a liveness property φ L such that φ = (φ S ∩ φ L).Sep 20, 2023 · 5. Now, change the liveness probe port to 3000 in your deployment.yml file, as shown below, to check how a failed liveness probe detects unhealthy pods. The container directs traffic to port 80. Using other ports like 3000 will change the container port to a non-exciting port. The Kubernetes liveness probe should fail to check a valid traffic ... Apr 7, 2023 · Liveness detection is a technology used to determine whether a biometric, such as a facial image or a voice recording, is captured from a live person or from a spoofed source. By implementing liveness detection, businesses can prevent fraud attempts, such as presenting a photo or video instead of a real person during identity verification. Liveness and readiness probes using the command approach. Istio provides a liveness sample that implements this approach. To demonstrate it working with mutual TLS enabled, first create a namespace for the example: $ kubectl create ns istio-io-health To configure strict mutual TLS, run:Liveness Probe. A liveness probe checks if the container in which it is configured is still running. If the liveness probe fails, the kubelet kills the container, which will be subjected to its restart policy. Set a liveness check by configuring the template.spec.containers.livenessprobe stanza of a pod configuration. Readiness ProbeJul 7, 2023 · 16. Liveness 探针和 Readiness 探针非常类似，Liveness 探针是通过 livenessProbe 字段来配置的，livenessProbe 字段下面的每个字段的作用和 Readiness 探针都几乎一致，这里就不再赘述了。. 当 Liveness 探针失败时，它将自动重启业务不健康的 Pod，如下图所示。. 需要注意的是 ...Liveness. In this paper, by “live”, we mean “live-in”, which in the context of a program in strict SSA form can be defined as follows. A variable a is live-in at point q if there exists a path in the CFG from q to a use of a that does not go through the definition of a.. 2.2 Liveness Checking. Boissinot et al.’s algorithm answers liveness queries efficiently … liveness analysis, by definition a variable x is deemed lived at line l if and only if the fact live(l;x) is in the saturated database. This may seem like an unreasonably expensive way to compute liveness, but in fact it can be quite efficient, both in theory and practice. In theory, we can look at the rules and determine their theoretical ... Next, in the liveness detection phase, the mirror is made impermeable for light and a part of the fingertip placed on the aperture is mirrored to the right and projected on the CCD/CMOS camera by a macro lens. The latter part of the system is used to acquire a video sequence for the liveness detection analysis. 2.9.2.Mar 1, 2023 · Command execution liveness probe: This probe runs a command or script inside the container. If the command terminates with 0 as its exit code, it means the container is running as expected. 2. HTTP GET liveness probe: This probe sends an HTTP GET request to a URL in the container. If the container’s response includes an HTTP status code in ... Yoti’s MyFace solution is NIST Level 2 approved with 100% attack detection. Why liveness is important for verification and authentication. The difference between active and passive liveness. Age, gender and skin tone bias minimised. Read our latest white paper on liveness to learn how Yoti’s MyFace liveness solution can help defeat ...
Jumio’s liveness detection simply requires the user to hold their mobile device at a natural angle. The solution then performs liveness and anti-spoofing detection using advanced selfie technology to ensure the user is real (not a photo, video or paper copy), is not wearing a mask and is physically present at the time of the detection.. How to make jpg to pdf
Liveness detection is a technique where an algorithm securely detects whether the source of a biometric sample comes from a fake representation or is a live human being. The biometric sample is a facial photo taken by a user. The algorithm is able to recognize a live person from presentation attacks, for example, masks, photos, or videos. Nov 13, 2023 · What is Kubernetes Liveness Probe. Liveness probes are a mechanism provided by Kubernetes which helps determine if applications running within containers are operational. This can help improve resilience and availability for Kubernetes pods. By default, Kubernetes controllers check if a pod is running, and if not, restart it according to …Face Liveness can be leveraged for a variety of use cases. For example, Face Liveness can be used along with face matching (with CompareFaces and SearchFacesByImage) for identity verification, for age estimation on platforms with age-based access restriction, and for detecting real human users while detering bots. ...Liveness: Phelan, Auslander, and After. Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe (bio) Live-cast and recorded theatre (LCRT) such as National Theatre Live has expanded rapidly into a major industry since its launch in 2009. In academic terms, this development has been discussed predominantly in the context of audience demographics.Nov 13, 2023 · What is Kubernetes Liveness Probe. Liveness probes are a mechanism provided by Kubernetes which helps determine if applications running within containers are operational. This can help improve resilience and availability for Kubernetes pods. By default, Kubernetes controllers check if a pod is running, and if not, restart it according to …In the recent decade, comprehensive research has been carried out in terms of promising biometrics modalities regarding humans’ physical features for person recognition. This work focuses on iris characteristics and traits for person identification and iris liveness detection. This study used five pre-trained networks, including VGG-16, …A liveness probe solves that exact problem. Essentially, it tells Kubernetes how to validate that the application inside the container is actually running. Let’s go back to our NGINX example. A liveness probe, in this case, could say, “do an HTTP call to /health” here. Kubernetes will then use this method to assess if the pod is running ...Liveness is the quality or state of being live, especially the reverberant quality of a room. Learn more about the word history, usage, and related terms of liveness from Merriam …For liveness detection, it can be concluded that CNN based method could be used to classify live and fake faces with a promising result. Therefore, in this study, a lightweight CNN liveness detection model that can be implemented on an attendance system using Raspberry Pi will be proposed.Dec 23, 2021 · Safety and Liveness Guarantees through Reach-Avoid Reinforcement Learning. Reach-avoid optimal control problems, in which the system must reach certain goal conditions while staying clear of unacceptable failure modes, are central to safety and liveness assurance for autonomous robotic systems, but their exact solutions are …Jul 19, 2022 · Probes have a number of fields that can be used to more precisely control the behavior of liveness and readiness checks. initialDelaySeconds: Number of seconds after the container has started ... Liveness: Phelan, Auslander, and After. Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe (bio) Live-cast and recorded theatre (LCRT) such as National Theatre Live has expanded rapidly into a major industry since its launch in 2009. In academic terms, this development has been discussed predominantly in the context of audience demographics..