Getting stuck together during mating is such a normal thing for dogs that it even has its own medical name. It is called a " copulatory tie " and is also seen in wild canines such as wolves and foxes. It happens because a section of the erectile tissue at the base of the male dog's penis called the bulbus glandis gets very engorged with ...Wolves mating, Tama zoo. As with most tetrapods, canine copulation involves the male mounting the female from behind, a position that is colloquially referred to as "doggy style" but does not have a specifically known origin.When a male canine is interested in mounting a female, he will sniff the female's vulva, which, for females in the estrus stage, has been secreted with Methyl p ...Breeding cats is different from breeding dogs. The female can be bred at any time during her active phase of her heat cycle because cats are induced ovulators. This means that the act of breeding stimulates the ovaries to release eggs. Therefore, eggs are only released from the ovaries when the sperm are deposited in the reproductive tract.The estrus cycle, also known as the heat cycle, is the period during which a female cat is receptive to mating. This cycle can last anywhere from 7 to 10 days, with variations among individual cats. During this time, the cat may exhibit certain behaviors, such as increased vocalization, restlessness, and rubbing against objects.Climbing up is the easy (and fun) part for cats—but getting back down is much trickier. This is primarily due to the way cat nails are positioned. "The way the claws face make it easy to climb up, but difficult to descend because the cat typically tries to go down front-first," explains Johnson-Bennett. "Even some cats who try to back ...In female cats, ovulation is induced by mating. Female cats can mate anywhere from 1 to 20 times on their first day of the estrus cycle (otherwise known as heat ). They can mate with multiple tomcats multiple times a day, which will stimulate ovulation. The ovulation usually starts about 24 hours after mating.Predicting the timing of delivery can be difficult. It typically occurs 64 to 66 days after breeding. However, the timing of this event is not always known precisely, so the breeding date does not always match the conception date. Labor and delivery in cats is divided into 3 stages. Stage I lasts 12 to 24 hours.Jul 23, 2021 · After the second phase of canine mating, males get tied (or stuck) inside the female. This is because they have a gland that swells after ejaculation to incr... Evolutionary Reasons for the Resemblance. The reason for the resemblance between cat mating calls and human baby cries is still under investigation. One theory suggests that cats evolved to produce baby-like sounds to exploit the human nurturing instinct. This theory is supported by the fact that cats are more likely to produce these sounds ...Dogs get stuck during mating due to a process called a copulatory tie, which is a stage in intercourse and helps keep the semen of the male dog secured inside the female for impregnation. Copulatory tie can last from 5-30 minutes depending on the dog breed and individual dog's behavior and anxiety levels. Interrupting mating dogs, …The mating season for cats is between February and December in the Eastern Hemisphere, and a slightly-shorter March through September season. Breeding season peaks during spring and summer and a female cat can birth up to five litters a year if she goes into heat every 2-3 weeks. Mating season — and the oh-so-adorable “kitten season ...Contrary to what most owners believe, cats don't get pregnant every time they mate. So, if you find your kitty in the act, don't automatically assume that she will get pregnant. Here are some of the main reasons why: 1. It May Take Several Matings To Stimulate Ovulation. Many animals already have eggs in situ when mating occurs.Cat Mating Season Facts. Cat mating season is a fun time for both cats and their owners. You may notice increased vocalization from your cat during this period, as well as an interest in other cats. This is normal behavior for the feline species. Cats are polyestrous, meaning they can go into heat at any time of year but typically have several ...The Mating. Since the female is less sensitive to environmental changes when in heat, she is brought to the tom for breeding. Once the cats get together, the mating process doesn't last very long - only about half of a minute to about 4 minutes. First the male bites the female's neck, mounts her and positions himself on top of her.To get dogs and cats to get used to each other without stress and tension, they must be allowed to get to know each other little by little. This can take a few weeks or even months. Young says dogs and cats can stay under the same roof but without direct contact at first. Both the dog and the cat should have their own room.Due to a lot of movement in areas like under their chest, legs, and near the collar, cats' long hair tends to get matted due to the lack of care. On the other hand, if the matted hair of a cat is left unattended for a long time, it can lead to many serious health issues. If it is not cared for at the right time, the longer matted fur tends to ... These behaviors are all part of a cat's natural response to mating and hormonal changes. After cats mate, you might notice some changes in female cats. They may clean themselves like there's no tomorrow and give guys a hard time. They could even get a little temperamental. Just remember to be patient and understanding. Explore the Scientific Reasons Why Do Dogs Get Stuck Together During Mating. Learn about the Biology Behind the 'Tie' And What it Means.Mating Stool or Cushion: Using a mating stool or cushion can provide additional support and stability for the dogs during mating, reducing the chances of them getting stuck. Consultation with a Veterinarian: If you have concerns about the mating process or want to ensure a smooth and successful mating, it is always advisable to consult with a ...Copulatory tie, also known as “the knot,” occurs when a male dog’s bulbus glandis swells inside a female dog’s vaglna during mating. This swelling creates a physical connection that locks the two dogs together, typically for 10 to 30 minutes. Many dog owners wonder why their dogs stick together after mating.Shooting the fluid: the dogs then shoot the prostatic fluid and the sperm in the female dog’s private part when they start humping. Copulatory tie: after shooting sperm in the female dog’s private part, the dog gets stuck. The rear ends of both partners. After the copulatory tie, both partners release each other, and then the sperm is ...Jul 13, 2023 · First off, some people believe that if dogs get stuck together during mating, the female is automatically pregnant. This simply isn’t true. While getting stuck together—known as a tie—does increase the chances of successful fertilization, it’s not a guarantee. Pregnancy can also occur without a tie if the male ejaculates inside the ... Petal Smart. The Spruce / Ellen Lindner. On average, a female cat is in heat for four to seven days. However, her heat may last as short as two days or as long as three weeks. Unspayed female cats of reproductive age are called queens. Cats are polyestrous, meaning that queens typically go into heat multiple times a year until they mate.The Feline Heat Cycle Signs a Female Cat is in Heat. When a female cat, often referred to as a 'queen', enters her heat cycle, her behavior undergoes noticeable changes.These signs can include: Vocalization: A loud trilling or yowling call, which can last for about a week during her heat cycle. Physical Actions: Rolling on the ground, rubbing against objects, and kneading with her back feet.Symptoms of Retract Penis in Cats. Paraphimosis typically occurs immediately or soon after breeding or semen collection. The symptoms of paraphimosis include: Frequent licking of genitals. Fluid accumulation (swelling) in genitals. Excessive hair around the penis. Trauma to the penis.Female cats have heat cycles where they become receptive to male cats for mating. These cycles usually last around 7-10 days, and a female cat can go through multiple cycles during the breeding season. Mating Behavior: Cat mating involves the male cat mounting the female and biting her neck to establish dominance.Explore the Scientific Reasons Why Do Dogs Get Stuck Together During Mating. Learn about the Biology Behind the 'Tie' And What it Means.Medium to Large Breeds: These dogs usually mature sexually between 9-12 months. Giant Breeds: They might not be ready for breeding until 18-24 months old. However, physical maturity doesn’t always mean a dog is ready for breeding. It’s also important to consider the health and well-being of the dog first and foremost.But not to worry, even though they do mate, they are less likely to father kittens, since they cannot fertilize their eggs yet. But after about six to eight months of age, male cats can start mating and become more attracted to females in heat. Female cats can go into heat at around six months of age, similar to when a male cat can father ...If your dog and cat are mating then there is something wrong there. And yeah they can cause my two dogs had once. ... Can cats get stuck to dogs after mating? Updated: 10/9/2023. Wiki User. ∙ ...Mar 14, 2021 · By Chris / March 14, 2021. Wolves will get stuck together when mating because of the “tie”, which happens when the male’s sexual organ expands and the female’s vulva contracts, causing the two animals to get stuck together. This tie is expected to last anywhere between 15-30 minutes before they get unstuck. This process is also called ... Secondly, it is thought that the act of copulation itself is painful to the female since the tom cat has a spines on its penis. Cats are induced ovulators, meaning that ovulation is triggered by the act of mating itself. The spines on the male’s penis serve to stimulate the female’s reproductive tract.By Chris / March 14, 2021. Wolves will get stuck together when mating because of the "tie", which happens when the male's sexual organ expands and the female's vulva contracts, causing the two animals to get stuck together. This tie is expected to last anywhere between 15-30 minutes before they get unstuck. This process is also called ...Why do dogs get stuck together when dogs mate? Dogs get stuck together during mating because the glans bulb on the male dog's penis swells following ejaculation while the female's vaginal muscles contract to prevent withdrawal. . Video of the Day. Getting stuck like this is normal dog behavior.6. Playing Rough. Play between cats can sometimes get rough. Sometimes the playing can escalate into a full-fledged fight. If this happens, separate the two cats immediately. 7. Environmental ...Hormones' role in cat mating behavior. Cats, like any other species, have distinct mating behavior. To understand why cats become aggressive when in heat, it is necessary to examine the role of hormones in cat mating behavior. The feline reproductive cycle. Cats have a distinct reproductive cycle that distinguishes them from other mammals.The screaming is prevalent every mating season and typically at its peak every January for most fox species. Why Do Foxes Get Stuck Together When Mating? During mating, the bulbus glandis, a bulb-like tissue mass encircling the baculum tip, expands as it engorges with blood. This is why the pair of foxes get locked or tied together while mating.There are a few things you can do to stop your male cat from trying to mate: 1. Get your cat neutered. This is the most effective way to stop your male cat from trying to mate. 2. Keep your cat indoors. This will reduce the chances of your cat coming into contact with other cats, and therefore reduce the urge to mate.CAT: Get the latest Caterpillar stock price and detailed information including CAT news, historical charts and realtime prices. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksBiting behavior is one aspect of this communication, and may serve as a way for cats to signal their intent to each other. For example, a male cat may use a gentle bite to signal to the female that he is interested in mating. Similarly, a female cat may use a bite to signal that she is receptive to the male's advances.This is what happens when there are two cats mating. First they take their time to get to know each other better. The male will sniff the female’s genitals. If it smells well, he’ll stay with her. If she likes him, she’ll roll and present her hindquarters. Then he will grasp her in her neck and mount her. She’ll twitch her tail aside.Mar 22, 2019 · Dogs get stuck during mating due to a process called a copulatory tie, which is a stage in intercourse and helps keep the semen of the male dog secured inside the female for impregnation. Copulatory tie can last from 5-30 minutes depending on the dog breed and individual dog's behavior and anxiety levels. Interrupting mating dogs, even during ... Why Dogs Get Stuck After Mating - Dog Breeding Process ExplainedDogs get stuck together as the final step in their mating process. It's something that nearly...Getting to the airport and finding out your flight is delayed or canceled can be a frustrating experience. You may be excited to get on your trip or to return home. Or maybe you ha...There is a huge difference between the estrus physiologies of both species. Female dogs ovulate at day 2 of the estrus cycle (4-6 days before actual mating), while cats are induced ovulatory. It means cats will ovulate only after mating has occurred. Why Do Dogs Mount Cats? Mounting is a common behavior among dogs, especially when they are in heat.Cougars make a wide variety of sounds similar to house cats, including hisses, mews, spits, growls, a whistle-like sound, and also their distinctive piercing screams. Only females ...Cats are known for their independent nature, but when it comes to mating, they can be quite social creatures. After mating, cats typically stay together for a brief period, usually lasting between a few minutes to a few hours. During this time, the male cat may continue to mount the female cat and try to mate with her again.If you want a more reliable method, take the cat's temperature twice daily beginning around 2 weeks before the estimated due date. Two weeks before birth, the temperature is still normal, around 101.5 degrees Fahrenheit. About one week before birth, the temperature drops to around 98 to 99 F. At the first stages of labor, the temperature …Introduction. Most species of mammals exhibit some degree of reproductive synchrony, so that breeding occurs during optimal conditions [1, 2].Seasonal breeders successfully mate only during a particular time of the year, typically giving birth to offspring at a time which is ideal for the survival of the young [].Seasonality of reproduction is …The acronym DISH helps us to recognize the signs of CDS in cats. D is for disorientation. Cats with CDS often walk aimlessly, stare at walls, get "stuck" in corners, seem to be lost in their own home or lose their balance and fall. I is for interactions. If your cat used to greet you at the door with a happy mrrrp but now looks confused ...Why do dogs get stuck while mateing? there is a mass of flesh at the base of the dogs penis, during copulation the dog inserts its penis into the bitches vagina. once the mass of flesh enters the ...Why do dogs stick when they mate? In this new video from AnimalWised we will answer this question and explain in a clear and simple way why dogs get locked t...7. Feral Cats Can Be Just as Healthy as Indoor Cats. Feral cats can survive in a variety of landscapes. With the proper nutrition and habitat in which to retreat from predators and humans, feral cats can often lead healthy lives. In fact, feral cats can survive in a variety of landscapes. 8.But not to worry, even though they do mate, they are less likely to father kittens, since they cannot fertilize their eggs yet. But after about six to eight months of age, male cats can start mating and become more attracted to females in heat. Female cats can go into heat at around six months of age, similar to when a male cat can father kittens.It is well observed that a female cat will scream, screech or become very aggressive during or just after mating with the tomcat. When cats mate they caterwaul and it can be quite loud. The reason for this aggressive behavior is that the tom cat's penis has little barbs or spines on it. When the penis is inserted the spines lay flat, but when ...Mating can be quite a violent process for cats. Once they have identified a mate, the male cat attempts to mount the female cat. The female, however, puts up a fight and engages in a series of behaviors to protect herself. This includes biting, scratching, and swatting. These behaviors may seem aggressive and violent to us, but it is a natural ...The Mating Since the female is less sensitive to environmental changes when in heat, she is brought to the tom for breeding. Once the cats get together, the mating process doesn’t last very long – only about half of a minute to about 4 minutes. Why do cats get stuck together when mating? Female cats will often actively scare off a Tomcat ...The result can be leaving for days at a time. The cat got lost. Cats have scent glands which allow them to leave their own scent in an area. This not only helps other cats to know whose territory they are in, it helps them to return from their wandering. There is a general area which a cat will consider their territory.Cougars make a wide variety of sounds similar to house cats, including hisses, mews, spits, growls, a whistle-like sound, and also their distinctive piercing screams. Only females ...Forming a genital lock is common in female (bitch) and male (stud) dogs who mated. Because the stud's penis will be too swollen within the vagina. With that, he can't pull it off until it decreases in size. Warning: Don't separate the canines during the tie. Doing so can injure one or both of them.Why do dogs stick when they mate? In this new video from AnimalWised we will answer this question and explain in a clear and simple way why dogs get locked t...In this article, we'll delve into the reasons why dogs get stuck when mating and answer your most pressing questions. Understanding the Canine Reproductive Anatomy. To comprehend why dogs get stuck, you must first understand their reproductive anatomy. Male dogs have a part of their anatomy known as the "bulbus glandis."The heat cycle, also called the estrous cycle, is the period when a female cat is receptive to mating. This period is characterized by hormonal changes that prepare the cat for potential pregnancy. The heat cycle typically starts around 6- 10 months of age and lasts throughout the cat's adult life, except for periods of pregnancy or spaying.Relationship Between Cats: The relationship between cats can also play a role in biting behavior during mating. Cats that have a strong bond and are familiar with each other may be less likely to exhibit aggressive behavior, while cats that are unfamiliar or have a strained relationship may be more prone to biting. 5. Environmental Factors ...The cause behind female cats screaming during the mating process is the penis of the male cat, which has small spikes on it. When cats are ready to mate and are mating, they emit a few loud noises. Male cats make specific calls and sound in reaction to talkative female cats, but female cats make specific calls and sound in response to male …Which can help you intervene before they sneak off into your neighbor's yard. (You know…to meet and greet the females in heat.) 2. Stress. Stress is another common reason why cats run away. Cats are creatures of habit - they don't like changes in the household or to their routine.Q: Why do dogs get stuck when mating? A: Dogs get ‘stuck’ during mating due to a natural phenomenon called ‘Tie,’ which is essential for successful fertilization. Q: How long can dogs stay stuck together? A: Typically, dogs can stay stuck together for 15-30 minutes. But it can last up to an hour. Q: Is it dangerous to separate mating dogs?5. Patience is the Key. Accept that there really is no quick way to get two mating canines unstuck after mating. Therefore, patience is essential in this situation. Whether you’re concerned about your dogs’ agony or just want to prevent pregnancy, Don’t even try to detach them from the knot violently.How long do cats stay stuck together? Since the female is less sensitive to environmental changes when in heat, she is brought to the tom for breeding. Once the cats get together, the mating process doesn't last very long - only about half of a minute to about 4 minutes. Cats mating - Group cats mating on the street.Cats scream when having sex, accompanied by some aggressive behaviors. Usually, they get stuck together during the mating, which usually lasts a minute or more. When the male cat finally withdraws, the female cat will display more aggressive behaviors. This is because of the pain of the barbed genitalia of the male cat that she needed to endure ...The result can be leaving for days at a time. The cat got lost. Cats have scent glands which allow them to leave their own scent in an area. This not only helps other cats to know whose territory they are in, it helps them to return from their wandering. There is a general area which a cat will consider their territory. Cats scream when having sex, accompanied by some aggressive behaviors. Usually, they get stuck together during the mating, which usually lasts a minute or more. When the male cat finally withdraws, the female cat will display more aggressive behaviors. This is because of the pain of the barbed genitalia of the male cat that she needed to endure ... The biology behind dogs getting stuck during mating. Dogs get stuck during mating because of the design of their reproductive systems. During mating, the penis of male dogs gets enlarged due to increased blood flow. This causes the penis to lock inside the female's vagina, which is intended to ensure that the sperm can fully fertilize the eggs.Stuck mating, also known as the tie, is a phenomenon that occurs when male and female dogs are stuck together after mating. This occurs due to the bulbus glandis, a part of the male dog's penis that swells during mating and locks inside the female dog's vagina.5. Patience is the Key. Accept that there really is no quick way to get two mating canines unstuck after mating. Therefore, patience is essential in this situation. Whether you’re concerned about your dogs’ agony or just want to prevent pregnancy, Don’t even try to detach them from the knot violently.Why do dogs get stuck together when they mate? Dogs get stuck together when they mate for a higher chance of pregnancy. This happens since a part of the male dog’s penis swells up. Specifically, his bulbis glandis. After that, it acts as a lock to keep the semen inside the female.Reasons Why Your Cat Acts Crazy and How to Stop It. A cat acting crazy may run around the house or get a nightly burst of energy, complete with a chorus of meows. A "crazy" cat can be entertaining to watch, but the behavior could veer into destructiveness, with the cat inadvertently knocking things over, and an increased likelihood that someone ...The Cat Mating Ritual. Both male and female cats will call when they are ready to mate; this can be loud and is known as caterwauling. It is an unusual meow and can sound like they are in distressed or in pain. When a male finds a female he will continue to call to her and begin to circle her. At this point the female cat will either accept him ...Many female cats will act in frustration after mating because they don't enjoy the experience and might want to be left alone. Of course, each situation is unique and the female cat might not be happy with her surroundings too. This is why it is common for a female cat to become frustrated with what is happening. 3. Stressed.Conclusion. In conclusion, cats can take anywhere from one to four matings in order to become pregnant. The exact number of matings depends on a variety of factors, such as how successful the matings are and the health and fertility of the female cat. For the most efficient process, it is best for the male cat to mate with the female multiple ...Cats evolved to get pregnant very quickly, and the act of mating stimulates the release of eggs from the ovaries. So the odds of them getting pregnant are very high. Usually, the average feline ...
Breeding cats is different from breeding dogs. The female can be bred at any time during her active phase of her heat cycle because cats are induced ovulators. This means that the act of breeding stimulates the ovaries to release eggs. Therefore, eggs are only released from the ovaries when the sperm are deposited in the reproductive tract.. Plasma donation tampa fl
By spraying, a cat is essentially saying, "This is my turf, and I'm ready to defend it.". Another reason why cats spray is to attract mates during the breeding season. When a female cat is in heat, she will release pheromones that signal her availability for mating. Male cats will detect these pheromones and may spray to mark their ...Dogs do not have to get stuck together to get pregnant, provided that the male dog ejaculates inside the female dog before getting retracting. However, the chances of pregnancy in a slip mating is lower than when a tie happens as there will be spillage of semen during withdrawal. Dogs getting stuck together or having a tie is a natural ...During the mating season, female cats exhibit certain behaviors to signal their readiness to mate. One of the most notable signs is their calling or vocalization. This vocalization can range from soft chirps to loud, intense screams. Female cats, when in heat, emit these vocalizations to attract males.Here are some things you should know about your cat's estrus cycle: A cat can go into heat as often as every 2-3 weeks, year round. Pregnancy can occur as early as the first heat. Cats don't experience menopause, so they continue to go into heat well into their senior years. A cat's heat may be identified through tests at your ...Dogs get stuck during mating due to a process called a copulatory tie, which is a stage in intercourse and helps keep the semen of the male dog secured inside the female for impregnation. Copulatory tie can last from 5-30 minutes depending on the dog breed and individual dog's behavior and anxiety levels. Interrupting mating dogs, even during ...Why do dogs stick while mating? Dogs get stuck during mating because of a process called a copulatory tie. The male dog has an organ called the bulbus glandis, which is responsible for keeping him tied up with the female. ... Sign of Mating Mating is the most common reason a male cat bites a female cat's neck. It may seem like an aggressive ...Cats communicate through a variety of cues, including vocalizations and body language, but pheromones play a particularly important role in mating. Male cats produce pheromones through their urine and facial glands that attract female cats in heat. Female cats also release pheromones to signal their readiness to mate.This is also the stage where mating occurs. Interestrus or Metestrus. Interestrus and metestrus are the possible time frames between estrus cycles. Cats are known as induced ovulators, which means their ovaries only release eggs if they mate with a male cat. If a cat in estrus mates, eggs are released by the ovaries and there is a pause in the ...Both dogs should be checked over by their vet before mating. Male dogs tend to be more stressed by mating, so female dogs are usually taken to the male’s own environment for breeding. If possible, try to match an inexperienced dog to one with more experience. Matching two inexperienced dogs could cause problems.Have you ever found yourself humming a catchy tune, but just couldn’t remember the title or artist? It can be incredibly frustrating when you have a song stuck in your head, but no...Medium to Large Breeds: These dogs usually mature sexually between 9-12 months. Giant Breeds: They might not be ready for breeding until 18-24 months old. However, physical maturity doesn’t always mean a dog is ready for breeding. It’s also important to consider the health and well-being of the dog first and foremost.Your cat's heavy breathing can be broken down into three classifications: dyspnea, tachypnea, and panting. Let's learn more about each type of cat breathing heavy. 1. Dyspnea: Labored Breathing. Dyspnea means "difficulty breathing". Cats with dyspnea may exhibit the following symptoms:The simple answer: Yes! If you have ever seen cats mating, you will note how much the female appears to be in pain. Female cats keep screaming, and for a good …To help a cat in heat, a series of measures can be adopted such as: Provide a calm environment. Give more love and attention to the cat. Play with them more frequently, this will temporarily displace their heat behavior. Do not yell or get angry at their behavior, they do not do it on purpose, it is in their nature.Why do dogs stuck when they mate? A male dog will usually dismount from the female during mating and perform a ‘copulatory tie’ after ejaculation. This is colloquially referred to as ‘getting stuck’. They are facing away from each other, bottom to bottom. This tie can last anywhere from 5 to 45 minutes.Breeding - What to expect after mating. Pregnancy, also called the gestation period, normally ranges from 58 to 65 days with an average of 63 days. With a planned breeding, the date of mating should be carefully recorded. If there are two matings, make a note of the exact dates and expect birth to occur between 63 and 65 days later.4. Your cat is stressed. Cats love routine, familiar faces, and familiar places. A change in environment or a new family member could have your cat on edge. Additionally, Ehrlich notes that veterinarians are no strangers to the stress-induced defensive tactics of a cat. "I'd hiss, too," she says. Dogs get stuck together when they mate for a higher chance of pregnancy. This happens since a part of the male dog’s penis swells up. Specifically, his bulbis glandis. After that, it acts as a lock to keep the semen inside the female. And this helps push his sperm into the eggs. Dogs get stuck together during mating because of the tie phenomenon, which happens when the male dog's penis swells inside the vagina after the ejaculation, leaving them stuck. This happens because dogs' penises have gland tissues that begin to expand only after they enter the female, in particular the bulbus glandis which can grow twice as ...Secondly, it is thought that the act of copulation itself is painful to the female since the tom cat has a spines on its penis. Cats are induced ovulators, meaning that ovulation is triggered by the act of mating itself. The spines on the male’s penis serve to stimulate the female’s reproductive tract.Pet the female dog to keep her calm while you wait it out. If the dogs are becoming overactive, anxious, or playful, leash them to keep them under control until they're unstuck. 3. Call your vet if they're still stuck after an hour. It can take between 5 and 60 minutes for the dogs to get unstuck after mating. [4].
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